John Phillips (musician)

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John Edmund Andrew Phillips (August 30, 1935 – March 18, 2001), was an American singer, guitarist, and songwriter. Known as Papa John, Phillips was a member and leader of the singing group The Mamas & the Papas. He was the father of Jeffrey Phillips, Mackenzie Phillips, Chynna Phillips, Tamerlane Phillips, and Bijou Phillips.

Early life

Phillips was born in Parris Island, South Carolina. His father was a retired United States Marine Corps officer who won an Oklahoma bar from another Marine in a poker game on the way home from France after World War I. His mother was a Cherokee Indian his father met in Oklahoma. According to his autobiography, Papa John, Phillips’ father was a heavy drinker who suffered from poor health.

Phillips grew up in Alexandria, Virginia, where he was inspired by Marlon Brando to be “street tough”. He formed a group of teenage boys, who also sang doo-wop songs. He played basketball at George Washington High School, where he graduated in 1953, and gained an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy. However, he resigned during his first (plebe) year. Phillips then attended Hampden-Sydney College on a partial athletic scholarship, but dropped out and married his first of four wives: Susan Adams, the daughter of a wealthy Virginia family. They had a son, Jeffrey, and a daughter, Laura Mackenzie (known as “Mackenzie”) Phillips.

The Mamas & the Papas

Phillips longed to have success in the music industry and traveled to New York to find a record contract in the early 1960s. His first band, The Journeymen, was a folk trio, with Scott Mckenzie and Dick Weismann. They were fairly successful, putting out 3 albums and several appearance on the 1960s TV show, Hootenanny. All three albums, as well as a “Best of the Journeymen” were reissued on CD. He developed his craft in Greenwich Village, during the American folk music revival, and met his future The Mamas & the Papas bandmates Denny Doherty and Cass Elliot there. Lyrics of their song “Creeque Alley” describe this period.

While touring California with The Journeymen, he met his future second wife, the teenage Michelle Gilliam. Their affair finally forced the dissolution of his first marriage. Phillips was married to Michelle Phillips from 1962 to 1970. They had one child together, Chynna Phillips, vocalist of the 1990s’ pop trio Wilson Phillips.

Phillips was the primary songwriter and musical arranger of The Mamas & the Papas. Early in the band’s history, John and Michelle were responsible for writing most of the band’s songs. John would often come up with a melody and some lyrics and Michelle would help him complete the lyrical portion of the song. After being signed to Dunhill Records, they had several Billboard Top Ten hits during the group’s short lifetime, including “California Dreamin’”, “Monday, Monday”, “I Saw Her Again”, “Creeque Alley”, and “12:30 (Young Girls Are Coming to the Canyon)”. John Phillips also wrote “San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)”, the 1967 Scott McKenzie hit that was to become the Summer of Love anthem. Phillips also wrote the oft-covered “Me and My Uncle”, which was the song performed more times than any other over 30 years of Grateful Dead concerts.

The Phillipses became Hollywood celebrities, living in the Hollywood Hills and socializing with stars like Jack Nicholson, Warren Beatty, and Roman Polanski. The group broke up largely because Cass Elliot wanted to go solo and because of some personal problems among Phillips, Michelle, and Denny Doherty. Michelle had been fired briefly in 1966, for having had affairs with both Gene Clark and Denny, and was replaced for two months by Jill Gibson, their producer Lou Adler’s girlfriend. Although Michelle was forgiven and asked to return to the group, the personal problems would continue until the band split up in 1968. Cass Elliot went on to have a successful solo career until her death from heart failure in 1974.

Later life

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Phillips released his first solo album John, the Wolf King of L.A. in 1970. The album was not commercially successful, although it did include the minor hit “Mississippi”, and Phillips began to withdraw from the limelight as his use of narcotics increased.

Actress Geneviève Waïte became his third wife in 1972. The couple had two children, Tamerlane and Bijou Phillips. Reportedly, both parents were drug addicts and infidelity marked their marriage. Phillips produced a Genevieve Waite album, Romance Is On the Rise and wrote music for films. Between 1969 and 1974, Phillips and Waite worked on a script and composed over 30 songs for a space-themed musical called Man On The Moon, which was eventually produced by Andy Warhol but played for just two days in New York after receiving disastrous opening night reviews.

Phillips moved to London in 1973; Mick Jagger encouraged him to record another solo album. It was to be released on Rolling Stones Records and funded by RSR distributor Atlantic Records. Jagger and Keith Richards would produce and play on the album, as well as former Stone Mick Taylor and future Stone Ronnie Wood. The project was derailed by Phillips’ increasing use of cocaine and heroin, substances that he shot into his body, by his own admission, “almost every fifteen minutes for two years”. In 2001, the tracks of the Half Stoned or The Lost Album album were released as Pay Pack & Follow a few months after Phillips’ death.

In 1975 Phillips, still living in London, was commissioned to create the soundtrack to the Nicolas Roeg film The Man Who Fell to Earth, starring David Bowie. Phillips asked Mick Taylor to help out; the film was released in 1976.

In 1981 Phillips was convicted of drug trafficking; subsequently, he and his television star daughter Mackenzie Phillips made the rounds in the media, instructing kids and their parents how not to become addicts. This public relations campaign helped reduce his prison time to only a month in jail. Upon release, he re-formed The Mamas & the Papas, with Mackenzie Phillips, Spanky McFarlane (of the group Spanky and Our Gang) and Denny Doherty. Throughout the rest of his life, Phillips toured with various versions of this group.

Phillips was divorced from Waite in 1985. In 1986, his best-selling autobiography, Papa John, was published. With Terry Melcher, Mike Love and his former Journeyman colleague Scott McKenzie, he co-wrote the number 1 single for the Beach Boys, “Kokomo”, which was also nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Song Written specifically for a Motion Picture or Television category (it lost to Phil Collins’s “Two Hearts”, from the film “Buster”).

In the 1990s, his years of addiction led to the need for a liver transplant in 1992. Several months later, however, he was photographed drinking alcohol in a bar in Palm Springs, California, as published in the National Enquirer newspaper. Phillips was questioned about the photo on the Howard Stern radio show, and explained, “I was just trying to ‘break in’ the new liver”.

The Mamas and the Papas were inducted into the Rock ‘n’ Roll Hall of Fame on Jan 12th, 1998.

John Phillips died on March 18, 2001 in Los Angeles of heart failure at the age of 65. He is interred in an outdoor crypt at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Cathedral City) near Palm Springs, California, where he had lived with his fourth wife, Farnaz. He died just days after completing sessions for a new album. Phillips 66 was released posthumously in August 2001.

Claims of sexual relationship with his daughter

In September 2009, John’s daughter Mackenzie Phillips claimed in a new memoir, High on Arrival, that she and her father had a ten-year incestuous relationship. She stated that the relationship began when she was 18 years old in 1979, after Philips raped her while they were both under the influence of heavy narcotics on the eve of her first marriage.

Phillips appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on 23 September 2009 in which she told Winfrey that her father injected her with cocaine and heroin. According to Phillips, the incestuous relationship ended when she became pregnant and did not know who had fathered the child. These doubts resulted in an abortion, which her father paid for, “and I never let him touch me again.”

Genevieve Waite, John’s wife at the time the claimed abuse occurred, denied the allegations and said they were totally incongruous with his character. Michelle Phillips, John’s second wife, also stated that she had “every reason to believe untrue.”

Chynna Phillips, Mackenzie’s half-sister, stated that she believed Mackenzie’s claims and that Mackenzie first told her about the relationship during a phone conversation in 1997, approximately 11 years after the supposed relationship had ended. Bijou Phillips, Mackenzie’s other half-sister, said in a statement that Mackenzie had informed her of the relationship when Bijou was 13 years old, but also stated, “I’m 29 now, I’ve talked to everyone who was around during that time, I’ve asked the hard questions. I do not believe my sister. Our father is many things, this is not one of them.” Jessica Woods, the daughter of Denny Doherty, said that her father knew of the relationship.

Solo discography

• John Phillips (John, the Wolf King of L.A.) (04/1969)
• Brewster McCloud (12/1970) Soundtrack with Merry Clayton vocals
• John Phillips (John, the Wolf King of L.A.) (04/05/1994 Edsel Records UK CD reissue)
• Pay Pack & Follow (04/24/2001)
• Phillips 66 (08/21/2001)
• John Phillips (John, The Wolfking Of L.A.) (09/12/2006 Varese Sarabande CD reissue)
• Jack Of Diamonds (07/10/2007)
• Pussycat (09/09/2008)
• Man On The Moon (07/21/2009)

References

1. ^ The E! True Hollywood Story, Episode: “Mackenzie Phillips”. Entertainment Television Network, 1999. Phillips admits this in an on camera interview.
2. ^ “Mackenzie Phillips: I slept with my own father”. People. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32976391/ns/entertainment-celebrities/. Retrieved 2009-09-23. 
3. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/23/mackenzie-phillips-to-opr_n_296431.html
4. ^ http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahshow/20090826-tows-mackenzie-phillips-book
5. ^ Eng, Joyce. “Mackenzie Phillips’ Family Split Over Star’s Incest Claims”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/tvguide/410465_tvgif23.html. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 
6. ^ Everett, Cristina. “Chynna Phillips recalls learning about sister Mackenzie Phillips’ affair with father, John Phillips”. New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/09/23/2009-09-23_chynna_phillips_recalls_learning_about_sister_mackenzie_phillips_affair_with_fat.html. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 
7. ^ “Bijou Phillips reacts to Mackenzie’s Claims”. Oprah. http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahshow/20090925-tows-mackenzie-chynna-phillips/2. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 
8. ^ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=48565
9. ^ “Denny Doherty’s Daughter Corroborates Mackenzie Phillips’ Story”. Oprah. http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahshow/20090925-tows-mackenzie-chynna-phillips/8. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 

1. ^ The E! True Hollywood Story, Episode: “Mackenzie Phillips”. Entertainment Television Network, 1999. Phillips admits this in an on camera interview.
2. ^ “Mackenzie Phillips: I slept with my own father”. People. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32976391/ns/entertainment-celebrities/. Retrieved 2009-09-23. 
3. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/23/mackenzie-phillips-to-opr_n_296431.html
4. ^ http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahshow/20090826-tows-mackenzie-phillips-book
5. ^ Eng, Joyce. “Mackenzie Phillips’ Family Split Over Star’s Incest Claims”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/tvguide/410465_tvgif23.html. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 
6. ^ Everett, Cristina. “Chynna Phillips recalls learning about sister Mackenzie Phillips’ affair with father, John Phillips”. New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/09/23/2009-09-23_chynna_phillips_recalls_learning_about_sister_mackenzie_phillips_affair_with_fat.html. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 
7. ^ “Bijou Phillips reacts to Mackenzie’s Claims”. Oprah. http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahshow/20090925-tows-mackenzie-chynna-phillips/2. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 
8. ^ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=48565
9. ^ “Denny Doherty’s Daughter Corroborates Mackenzie Phillips’ Story”. Oprah. http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahshow/20090925-tows-mackenzie-chynna-phillips/8. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32976391/ns/entertainment-celebrities/

External links

• Papa John Phillips Official Website
• John Phillips at the Internet Movie Database
• Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
• The Mamas & The Papas Online Price Guide

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Phillips_(musician)”
Categories: 1935 births | 2001 deaths | American expatriates in the United Kingdom | American male singers | American rock singers | American songwriters | Americans of Cherokee descent | Welsh Americans | Cardiovascular disease deaths in California | Military brats | People from South Carolina | People self-identifying as alcoholics | The Mamas & the Papas members | English-language singersHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2009 | All articles needing style editing

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EuroBrun

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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

EuroBrun was a Formula One constructor from Senago, Milan, Italy, with an Italo-Swiss ownership. They participated in 46 grands prix, entering a total of 76 cars.

The team was a combination of two outfits – the mechanical manpower and skill of Giampaolo Pavanello’s Euroracing team, who had also ran the Alfa Romeo Formula One team in 1984-85, and the financial muscle and organisational skill of Swiss Walter Brun, who ran the Brun Motorsport sports car team.

Oscar Larrauri driving for EuroBrun at the 1988 Canadian Grand Prix.

For 1988, Mario Tolentino designed the ER188 chassis, to be powered by a normally-aspirated 3.5 L Cosworth DFZ engine. Formula 3000 champion Stefano Modena and long-time Brun stalwart Oscar Larrauri were signed to drive. Despite a solid if unspectacular start to the season, EuroBrun were struggling as money ran low. There was internal trouble when Brun unsuccessfully tried to replace Larrauri with Christian Danner, and Euroracing were showing disinterest in Formula One. Both drivers would fail to qualify at certain events (Modena missing out four times, and being excluded from another two races for technical infringements, and Larrauri failing seven times), and Modena’s 11th place at the Hungarian Grand Prix would be their best result.

Before the 1989 season, Euroracing slimmed down to a nominal level of involvement, in the shape of a handful of engineers and mechanics. EuroBrun dropped down to a single car, to be driven by Gregor Foitek, while the ER188 was modified slightly to take a Judd V8 engine and Pirelli tyres. The team would only make it through pre-qualifying once, and then Foitek failed to qualify. Even the introduction of George Ryton’s new ER189 for the German Grand Prix didn’t help. Foitek quit after the Belgian Grand Prix, with Larrauri returning. The Argentine was no more successful, though.

Despite failing to start a single race in 1989, the team returned in 1990 with two cars once again. Pavanello had now left the partnership altogether, and the team would be starting the season with the ER189. Roberto Moreno would lead the team, with Claudio Langes in the second car. Langes would not make it through pre-qualifying once. A freak United States Grand Prix qualifying session saw Moreno start 16th on the grid, and he eventually finished 13th. The capable Brazilian would qualify again at the San Marino Grand Prix, and come close on a number of occasions, but as Brun lost enthusiasm, the EuroBruns got further and further from the grid, despite the introduction of the ER190. After 14 rounds, the team withdrew from the Formula One Championship, having made only 21 starts from 76 entries.

Complete Formula One results

(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)

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Bucur

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Bucur is the legendary Romanian shepherd who is said to have founded Bucharest, giving its name to it. While the legend about the shepherd is probably apocryphal, the name of Bucure?ti is quite likely derived from a person Bucur, as the suffix -e?ti is used for settlements derived from personal names, usually of the owner of the land or of the founder.

A 1856 painting of the Church of Bucur

There is an old small church named Biserica lui Bucur (”Bucur’s Church”) which the legend says that it was built by Bucur, however, this is not true, as the church appears to have been built in the first part of 18th century and in the area, the oldest archeological remains found were from second half of the 16th century.

The earliest reference to Bucur was written by the Franciscan monk Blasius Kleiner who claimed that Bucur was both a shepherd and a haiduc. Another early reference to Bucur was in An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, a 1820 book published in London by the English consul in Bucharest, William Wilkinson. The earliest reference to Bucur’s Church is from a geography manual written by Iosif Gentilie in 1835.

The name is related with Romanian bucurie (”joy”), having a cognate in Albanian, bukur (”beautiful”).

There were various other etymologies given by early scholars, including the one of Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi, who said that Bucharest is named after a certain “Ebu-Kari?”, from the tribe of “Beni-Kurei?”. In 1781, I. Fr. Sulzer claimed that it’s related to Bucuria (joy), bucuros (joyful), a bucura (to become joyful), while an early 19th century book published in Vienna assumed its name is derived from “Bukovie”, a beech forest.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Georgescu et al., p.76-77
2. ^ Rosetti, II. p.110

References

• Florian Georgescu et al. Istoria Ora?ului Bucure?ti, Muzeul de Istorie a Ora?ului Bucure?ti, 1965
• Alexandru Rosetti. Istoria limbii române, 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965-1969.

External links

• Cetatea lui Bucur

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucur”
Categories: History of Bucharest | Shepherds | Legends | Placename etymologies

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Gin and Beer

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This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions are available. (February 2009)

Gin and Beer are two wooden statues on display at the Tower of London. They reside in the White Tower and represent the two most important alcoholic beverages of the time.

The beverages are mentioned together in the Rudyard Kipling poem Gunga Din: “You may talk o’ gin and beer When you’re quartered safe out ‘ere,”

This sculpture article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_and_Beer”
Categories: Sculptures | Sculpture stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources | Orphaned articles from February 2009 | All orphaned articles

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Cashier balancing

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Cashier balancing is a process usually conducted in businesses such as grocery stores, restaurants and banks that takes place at the closing of the business day or at the end of a cashier’s shift. This balancing process makes the cashier responsible for the money in his or her cash register.

The balancing process

First, the manager (or sometimes the cashier) prepares to count the money in the register. Counting the money is usually done in the back office: the drawer is removed from the register and taken into the office. By preparing to count the money, all large bills, checks and coupons and food stamps (if any) are removed and put to the side. Next, the person counting the money counts it back to its “starting amount.” The starting amount is the amount of money that was in the drawer at the beginning of the shift. As this is being done, there will be additional bills and change that will be put off to the side along with the larger bills. Once the drawer is reset back to its starting amount for the next cashier’s shift, it is either placed in the safe or given to another cashier that is starting their shift.

Cashier accountability

Now, the bills and change that were put off to the side get counted, along with the checks from the cashier’s drawer. This is what makes up the cashier’s sales deposit. Most cash registers can print up a sales slip and money tendering slip that tells how much money the cashier made in sales and how much money the cashier is accounted for. The manager refers to this slip when counting the cashier’s sales money. If the money counted does not match what is on the balancing slip, the cashier may be over or short (in cash). Whenever a discrepancy such as overages or shortages occur, the money is usually counted again to ensure that the amount is correct. The over/short can always be calculated by subtracting the amount of money in the drawer (exclude the “starting amount”) from the amount printed on the cashier tendering slip, or balancing slip. Depending on the amount of over/short and circumstances involved, disciplinary actions may vary. Cashiers have lost their jobs to cash overages/shortages, either for repeated violations or for large overages or shortages. In most establishments, termination on the first offense is usually for $50.00 over/short or more. Shortages usually result from bills sticking together or from the cashier giving back too much change, or maybe even “pocketing” some money from the register. Overages occur from taking too much money from customers, either accidentally or by cheating customers.

Over/short

Cash overages/shortages are usually expressed in a several ways. This example shows how it is expressed in writing and how a register printout would show them.

Overage $12.34: is written as +12.34; is printed out as: $12.34

Shortage $12.34 is written as: -12.34; is printed out as: ($12.34)

References

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashier_balancing”
Categories: Corporate financeHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2009 | All articles lacking sources

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Jordy Mont-Reynaud

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Jordy Mont-Reynaud

Jordy Mont-Reynaud (born August 16, 1983) became the youngest ever chess master in the United States when he became a master at the age of 10 years 209 days in 1994, a record surpassed by Vinay Bhat, and presently held by Nicholas Nip. For his successful early career, he was asked to play the starring role of Josh Waitzkin in the 1993 movie Searching for Bobby Fischer, but refused the offer. He attended Stanford University, where he played a leading role in Stanford’s success at the Pan-American Intercollegiate Chess Tournaments of 2000-2001 and 2001-2002. As of November 2009, his USCF rating is 2270.

Since earning his title as chess master, Jordy has also been recognized for his talents in photography and programming. He used to be an employee of Bebo, a social networking company based in San Francisco, CA. He occasionally hosts chess events in San Francisco.

Scholastic chess achievements

• 1992 California Primary School (K-3) State Champion (Tied with Vinay Bhat)
• 1995 California Junior High School (K-8) State Champion

Notable game

Mont-Reynaud-Étienne Bacrot, World Under-10 Championship, Bratislava 1993 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c6 4.Nf3 dxc4 5.a4 Bb4 6.e4 b5 7.Bg5 Qb6 8.Be2 Bb7 9.O-O a6 10.Qc2 Nd7 11.Rfd1 Ngf6 12.e5 Nd5 13.Ne4 h6 14.Bh4 O-O 15.Qc1 c5 16.Nf6+ N5xf6 17.exf6 cxd4 18.fxg7 Kxg7 19.Nxd4 Ne5 20.Qf4 Ng6 21.Qf6+ Kh7 22.Nf5 exf5 23.Qxb6 Rab8 24.Qd4 Rg8 25.f3 Rbc8 26.Qf6 Be7 27.Qxf7+ Rg7 28.Qxf5 Bxh4 29.Rd7 Rc7 30.Rxc7 Rxc7 31.axb5 Bc8 32.Qd5 axb5 33.Qxb5 Be6 34.Qb6 Re7 35.Ra7 Bf7 36.Rxe7 Bxe7 37.Qc7 Kg7 38.Bxc4 Be8 39.Qc8 Bf7 40.Bxf7 Kxf7 41.Qb7 Ne5 42.b4 Kf6 43.b5 Nd3 44.Qc6+ 1-0

References

1. ^ Schiller, Eric. WHIZ KIDS TEACH CHESS. Cardoza Books. p. 9. ISBN 1580420079. http://www.chesscity.com/PDF/Whiz%20Kids%20Teach%20Chess%20sample.pdf. 
2. ^ Wall, Bill. “The Age of Chess Masters”. http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/lab/7378/age.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 
3. ^ “Achievements”. Stanford Chess Club. http://www.stanford.edu/group/chess/achievements.html. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Calchess.org
5. ^ Mont-Reynaud-Bacrot, World Under-10 Championship, Bratislava 1993. ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-11-24.

External links

• Jordy Mont-Reynaud Bebo page

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordy_Mont-Reynaud”
Categories: 1983 births | American chess players | Living peopleHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008

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Shelley Chaplin

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Shelley Chaplin (born September 4, 1984) is an Australian wheelchair basketball player.

Born in Victoria, Chaplin was educated at Girton Grammar in Bendigo, Victoria and graduated in 2002. In 2002, Shelley also represented her country in wheelchair basketball. Shelley is eligible to play the sport as she is an incomplete paraplegic.

She has played since 1999 and her greatest basketball achievement has been winning a silver medal at the 2004 Paralympic Games in Athens as part of the Australian women’s team.

Chaplin currently resides in Urbana, Illinois, where she attends the University of Illinois and plays for the university in the country’s first division. She was named an All-American in the 2006-2007 season. The University of Illinois women’s team were national champions in 2005/06, 2006/07 and 2008/08. Chaplin was a member of the team for all these victories. And was the tournament MVP in 2008.

At the 2008 Paralympic Games, Shelley was a member of the Australian Women’s Team, known as “The Gliders” that won a Bronze Medal after defeating Japan.

References

1. ^ Official Paralympic website, medal results, accessed November 7 2007
2. ^ University of Illinois website accessed November 7 2007

This biographical article relating to an Australian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

This article about a Paralympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Chaplin”
Categories: Australian basketball biography stubs | Paralympic medalist stubs | 1984 births | Living people | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign alumni | Australian wheelchair basketball players | Paralympic wheelchair basketball players of Australia | Wheelchair basketball players at the 2004 Summer Paralympics | Paralympic silver medalists for Australia

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Steel square

  (Redirected from Carpentry square)
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Steel square

The steel square is a tool that carpenters use. They use many tools to lay out a “square” or right-angle, many of which are made of steel, but the title steel square refers to a specific long-armed square that has additional uses for measurement, especially of angles, as well as simple right-angles. Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as the framing square. It consists of a large arm and a smaller one, which meet at an angle of 90 degrees (a right angle). It can also be made of metals like aluminum, which is light and resistant to rust.

The wider arm, two inches wide, is called the blade; the narrower arm, one and a half inches wide, the tongue. The square has many uses, including laying out common rafters, hip rafters and stairs. It has a diagonal scale, board foot scale and an octagonal scale. On the newer framing squares there are degree conversions for different pitches and fractional equivalents.

Carpenter’s squares are very like steel squares.

Use in stair framing

Theoretical rise and run of stringer, placement of square, marking of tread and rise, dropping the stringer, ABC=90°, total rise of stringer = 2R-T, total run of stringer = 2AB.

Stairs usually consist of three components. They are the stringer, the tread and the riser. The stringer is the structural member that carries the load of the staircase, the tread is the horizontal part that is stepped on, and the riser board is the vertical part which runs the width of the structure. There are many types of stairs: open, closed, fully housed, winding, and so on, to mention a few of them.

Laying out a staircase requires rudimentary math. There are numerous building codes to which staircases must conform. In an open area the designer can incorporate a more desirable staircase. In a confined area this becomes more challenging. In most staircases there is one more rise than there are treads.

1. The rise (vertical measurement), and the run (horizontal measurement). Note that the stringer will rest partially on the horizontal surface.
2. This is a two-by-twelve piece of lumber. A framing square is placed on the lumber so that the desired rise and tread marks meet the edge of the board. The outline of the square is traced. The square is slid up the board until the tread is placed on the mark and the process is repeated.
3. The board is cut along the dotted lines, and the top plumb cut and the bottom level cut are traced by holding the square on the opposite side.
4. The stringer in this example has two pieces of tread stock. This allows for a slight overhang. There is also a space in between the boards. The bottom of the stringer must be cut to the thickness of the tread. This step is called dropping the stringer. After one stringer is cut this piece becomes the pattern that is traced onto the remaining stringers.

Use in roof framing

There is a table of numbers on the face side of the steel square; this is called the rafter table. The rafter table allows the carpenter to make quick calculations based on the Pythagorean theorem. The table is organized by columns that correspond to various slopes of the roof. Each column describes a different roof inclination (pitch) and contains the following information

This table shows five different types of rafter calculations and one table for marking an angle called the side cut or cheek cut

This is a common rafter with the two different cuts. The plumb cut fits in the ridge board and the Bird’s mouth fits on the wall plate.

1. Common rafter per foot of run The common rafter connects the peak of a roof (the ridge) to the base of a roof (the plate). This number gives the length (hypotenuse) of the common rafter per twelve units of horizontal distance (run).
2. Hip or valley rafter per foot of run The hip or valley rafter also connects the ridge to the plate, but lies at a 45-degree angle to the common rafter. This number gives the length of the hip or valley rafter per seventeen units of run.
3. Difference in lengths jacks The jack rafters lie in the same plane as the common rafter but connect the top plate (the wall) or ridge board to the hip or valley rafter respectively. Since the hip or valley rafter meets the ridge board and the common rafter at angles of 45 degrees, the jack rafters will have varying lengths when they intersect the hip or valley. Depending on the spacing of the rafters, their lengths will vary by a constant factor—this number is the common difference.
4. This angle can be cut on the fly by aligning this given number on the blade of the steel square and the twelve-inch mark on the tongue, and drawing a line along the tongue.
5. Cutting hip and valley criple rafters are all cut in a similar way.

Use of the octagon scale

Use of the Diagonal scale

Using calculators in roof framing

There is good reason to use calculators that have verified calculations. Construction calculators use rise and run to calculate lengths and angles. Some are programmed to calculate all side cuts for hip, valley and jack regular rafters to be exactly 45° for all rafter pitches. The rafter table is expressed in inches, and the higher the numerical value of the pitch, the greater the difference between side cut angles within a given pitch. Only a level roof, or a 0 pitch will require a 45° angle side cut (cheek cut) for hip and jack rafters.

Side cut hip/valley rafter table

If a right triangle has two angles that equal 45° then the two sides are equidistant. The rafter is the hypotenuse and the legs or catheti of the triangle are the top wall plates of the structure. The side cut is located at the intersection of the given pitch column and the side cut of the hip/valley row. The regular hip/valley rafter runs at a 45° angle to the main roof and the unit of measurement is 12 inches of run. Regular hip/valley and jack rafters have different bevel angles within any given pitch and the angle decreases as the pitch increases.

Legend
c= hypotenuse
P= pitch
L= rafter length
Z= difference in L of jack rafter 16″ OC

The side cut of the hip/valley rafter = (Tangent)(12) = side cut in inches. The side cuts in the rafter table are all in a base 12. The arc tan can be determined from any given pitch. Most power tools and angle measuring devises use 90° as 0° in construction. The complementary angles of the arc tan are used with tools like the speed square.

Side cut of jack rafters

The side cut is located at the intersection of the side cut of jack rafters row and the pitch column on the Steel square. There is a row for the difference in length of jacks, 16 and 24 inch centers on the blade. The tangents are directly proportional for both centers.

The tangent is in a base 12. The tangent x 12 = side cut of jack rafters. This corresponds to the side cut on the Steel square. The complementary angles of the arc tan are used on most angle measuring devises in construction. The tangent of hip, valley, and jack rafters are less than 1.00 in all pitches above 0°. An eighteen pitch has a side cut angle of 29.07° and a two pitch has a side cut angle of 44.56° for jack rafters. This is a variation of 15.5° between pitches.

Plumb cut of jack & common rafters

The plumb cut for jack and common rafters are the same angles. The level cut or seat cut is the complementary angle of the plumb cut. The notch formed at the intersection of the level and plumb cut Is commonly referred to as the bird’s mouth .

Plumb cut of hip/valley rafters

The plumb cut of the hip/valley rafter is expressed in the formula. The level cut is the complementary angle or 90° minus the arc tan.

Irregular hip/valley rafters

Irregular hip valley rafters run at random angles to the ridge except 45°. The top plates can be 90° at the outside corners or various other angles. There are numerous irregular h/v roof plans. The Steel square is applicable for regular hip/valley and jack rafters and not for irregular roofs.

Carpenter’s square

In carpentry, a square or set square is a guide for establishing right angles (90° angles), usually made of metal and in the shape of a right triangle.

See also

• Try square
• Combination square
• Speed square
• Steel square
• Hip Roof

Bibliography

• Siegele, H.H. (1981). The Steel Square. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0-8069-8854-1. 
• Ulrey, Harry F. (1972). Carpenters and Builders Library. No.3. Theodore Audel. 
• Schuttner, Scott (1990). Basic Stairbuilding,. Taunton Press. ISBN 0-942391-44-6. 
• Spence, William P. (2000). Constructing Staircases Balustrades & Landings. Sterling Publishing. 
• Gochnour, Chris (February 2006). “11 Essential Measuring and Woodworking Tools”. Fine Woodworking (Taunton Press) (182): 75. 
• Lanham, Wm.. The Steel Square. Bath: E. A. Lovell. 
• Falconer, John (1925). Ednie, John (editor). ed. The Steel Square. Carpentry and Joinery. Vol. V. Gresham. 

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_square”
Categories: Woodworking measuring instruments | Dimensional instruments

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German State Party

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Germany

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The German State Party (Deutsche Staatspartei or DStP) was a short-lived German political party of the Weimar Republic, formed by the merger of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) with the People’s National Reich Association (the political wing of the Young German Order) in July 1930. The merger of the left liberal party DDP with the nationalist corporatism of the Young German Order did not prove a successful one – the party lost seats drastically in the 1930 parliamentary elections from its showing in 1928, and the People’s National Reich Association reichstag delegates soon seceded from the party, leaving it essentially the DDP under a new name.

The party continued to compete in parliamentary elections, with little success, until it dissolved itself following the Nazi takeover in 1933.

See also

• Liberalism
• Contributions to liberal theory
• Liberalism worldwide
• List of liberal parties
• Liberal democracy
• Liberalism in Germany

This article about a political party in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

This article related to a European Liberal party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_State_Party”
Categories: Defunct liberal political parties | Defunct political parties in Germany | Political parties established in 1930 | Political parties disestablished in 1933 | Political parties in Weimar Germany | Germany political party stubs | European Liberal party stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources

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